All Issue

2020 Vol.30, Issue 4 Preview Page

Research Article

Relationship between Earthquake and Fluctuation of Water Level in Active Fault Zone and National Groundwater Monitoring Wells of Gyeongju Area

경주 활성단층대 및 주변 국가지하수 관측정에서 지진과 수위변동 상관관계 연구

Hyeon-Woo Jang1
,
Chan-Ho Jeong2*
,
Yong-Cheon Lee3*
,
Yu-Jin Lee3
,
Jin-Woo Hong1
,
Cheon-Hwan Kim1
,
Young-Seog Kim4
,
Tae-Seob Kang4
장 현우1
,
정 찬호2*
,
이 용천3*
,
이 유진3
,
홍 진우1
,
김 천환1
,
김 영석4
,
강 태섭4
1Master Student, Department of Construction Safety and Disaster Prevention Engineering, Daejeon University
2Professor, Department of Construction Safety and Disaster Prevention Engineering, Daejeon University
3Ph.D. Student, Department of Construction Safety and Disaster Prevention Engineering, Daejeon University
4Professor, Department of Geological Environmental, Bukyoung National University
1대전대학교 건설안전방재공학과 석사과정
2대전대학교 건설안전방재공학과 교수
3대전대학교 건설안전방재공학과 박사과정
4부경대학교 지구환경과학과 교수
*Corresponding Author
31 December 2020. pp. 617-634
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of between earthquakes and fluctuation of water level in a groundwater well of the active-fault zone and 124 national groundwater monitoring wells in Gyeongju area. The spatial and temporal relationships between the fluctuation of water level and the earthquake were analyzed by the calculation of earthquake effectiveness (ε) and q-factor which are the function of earthquake magnitude and distance from epicenter. Two earthquake events of E1 (April 22, 2019, M 3.8) and E2 (June 11, 2019, M 2.5) show a close relationship with a post-seismic 83 cm decrease and a pre-seismic 76 cm increase in water level at the active fault zone of Dangu-ri, respectively. The spatial analysis of water level fluctuation data in National Groundwater Monitoring Networks caused by earthquake events shows a more distinct response in deep groundwater around fault zones than other area, and a greater change in deep groundwater than shallow groundwater. It’s inferred that the decrease and increase in groundwater level are affected by the expansion of fractures and compression of rock mass due to seismic stress, respectively. The effective ranges of ε-value and q-factor of the monitoring well in Dangu-ri were calculated as 2.70E-10~5.60E-10 and 14.4~18.0, respectively.

Keywords
active fault zone
groundwater
water level
earthquake
q-factor

본 연구의 목적은 경주 단구리 활성단층대에 설치된 지하수 관측정과 주변 국가지하수관측정 124개 공에서 지진발생에 따른 지하수위 변동특성을 알아보는 데 있다. 수위자료를 활용하여 시공간적 분포특성과 지진과의 상관성을 해석하였으며, 발생한 지진에 대하여 관측정의 반응에 대한 효율성(잠재성)을 나타내는 Earthquake effectiveness(ε)와 q-factor를 계산하여 유효성을 분석하였다. 관측기간 중 단구리 관측정의 지하수위 변동은 E1(2019년 4월 22일 M 3.8) 지진 발생 이후(post-seismic) 83 cm의 지하수위 하강을, E2(2019년 6월 11일 M 2.5) 지진발생 전(pre-seismic) 76 cm의 지하수위 상승을 보여주었다. 주변 국가지하수관측정의 수위자료를 이용하여 시간에 따른 공간분포 분석결과, 단층대 주변 관측정에서 수위변동이 상대적으로 높은 특성을 보인다. 그리고 충적지하수보다 암반지하수에서 더 큰 수위변동을 보여 암반 지하수가 지진 관측에 유리함을 보여준다. 이러한 수위의 상승과 하강은 지진에 의해 암반에 가해지는 인장응력에 의한 균열의 증가와 압축응력에 의한 공극의 감소와 관련된 것으로 보인다. 단구리 관측정의 Earthquake effectiveness(ε)와 q-factor의 유효범위는 각각 2.70E-10~5.60E-10, 14.4~18.0으로 산정되었다.

키워드
활성단층대
지하수
지하수위
지진
q-factor
References
1
Bella, F., Biagi, F., Caputo, M., Cozzi, E., Monica, D., Ermini, A., Gordeez, E.I., Khatkevich, Y.M., Martinelli, G., Plastino, W., Scandone, R., Sgrigna, V., Zilpimiani, D., 1998, Hydrogeochemical anomalies in Kamhatka (Russia), Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 23(9-10), 921-925. 10.1016/S0079-1946(98)00120-7
2
Cartigny, P., Jendrzejewski, N., Pineau, F., Petit, E., Javoy, M., 2001, Volatile (C, N, Ar) variability in MORB and the respective roles of mantle source heterogeneity and degassing: the case of the Southwest Indian Ridge, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 194(1-2), 241-257. 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00540-4
3
Chen, C.H., Wang, C.H., Wen, S., Yeh, T.K., Lin, C.H., Liu, J.Y., Yen, H.Y., Lin, C., Rau, R.J., Lin, T.W., 2013, Anomalous frequency characteristics of groundwater level before major earthquakes in Taiwan, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17, 1693-1703. 10.5194/hess-17-1693-2013
4
Chia, Y., Chiu, J.J., Chiang, Y.H., Lee, T.P., Wu, Y.M., Horng, M.J., 2008, Implications of coseismic groundwater level changes observed at multiple-well monitoring stations, Geophysical Journal International, 172(1), 293-301. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03628.x
5
Childs, C., 2004, Interpolating surfaces in ArcGIS spatial analyst, ArcUser, 35p.
6
Dobrovolsky, I.P., Zubkov, S.I., Miachkin, V.I., 1979, Estimation of the size of earthquake preparation zones, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 117, 1025-1044. 10.1007/BF00876083
7
Fleeger, G.M., Goode, D.J., Buckwalter, T.F., Risser, D.W., 1999, Hydrologic effects of the Pymatuning earthquake of September 25, 1998, in Northwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4170, 8p.
8
Fu, C.C., Yang, T.F., Chen, C.H., Lee, L.C., Liu, T.K., Walia, V., Kumar, A., Lai, T.H., 2017, Spatial and temporal anomalies of soil gas in northern Taiwan and its tectonic and seismic implications, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 149, 64-77. 10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.02.032
9
Goto, M., Yasuoka, Y., Nagahama, H., Moto, J., Omori, Y., Ihara, H., Mukai, T., 2017, Anomalous changes in atmospheric radon concentration before and after the 2011 northern Wakayama Earthquake (MJ 5.5), Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 174(3), 412-418. 10.1093/rpd/ncw14227412515PMC5423104
10
Jeong, C.H., Park, J.S., Lee, Y.C., Lee, Y.J., Yang, J.H., Kim, Y.S., Ou, S.M., 2018, Relationship of radon-222 and chemical composition of groundwater as a precursor of earthquake, The Journal of Engineering Geology, 28(2), 313-324 (in Korean with English abstract).
11
Kevin, J., Jay, M. Ver Hoef, Konstantin, K., Neil, L., 2001, Using ArcGIS geostatistical analyst, ESRI, 300p.
12
Kim, G.B., Choi, M.R., Lee, C.J., Shin, S.H., Kim, H.J., 2018a, Characteristics of spatio-temporal distribution of groundwater level's change after 2016 Gyeong-ju earthquake, Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 54(1), 93-105 (in Korean with English abstract). 10.14770/jgsk.2018.54.1.93
13
Kim, J.S., Kim, M., Kim, S., Lee, H., 2018b, An analysis of anomalous radon variation caused by M5.8 Gyeong-ju Earthquake, Economic and Environmental Geology, 51(1), 1-13 (in Korean with English abstract).
14
Kitagawa, Y., Koizumi, N., Takahashi, M., Matsumoto, N., Gato, T., 2006, Changes in groundwater levels or pressures associated with the 2004 earthquake off the west coast of northern Sumatra (M9.0), Earth Planets Space, 58(2), 173-179. 10.1186/BF03353375
15
Kovach, R.L., Nur, A., Wesson, R.L., Robinson, R., 1975, Water-level fluctuations and earthquakes on the San Andreas fault zone, Geology, 3(8), 437-440. 10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<437:WFAEOT>2.0.CO;2
16
Kuo, M., Fan, K., Kuochen, H., Chen, W., 2006, A mechanism for anomalous decline in radon precursory to an earthquake, Groundwater, 44(5), 642-647.
17
Lee, H.A., Hamm, S.Y., Woo, N.C., 2018, The abnormal groundwater changes as potential precursors of 2016 ML5.8 Gyeongju earthquake in Korea, Economic and Environmental Geology, 51(4), 393-400 (in Korean with English abstract).
18
Lee, H.A., Kim, M., Hong.T.L., Woo, N.C., 2011, Earthquake observation through groundwater monitoring: a case of M4.9 Odaesan earthquake, Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment, 16(3), 38-47 (in Korean with English abstract). 10.7857/JSGE.2011.16.3.038
19
Lee, J., Rezaei, S., Hong, Y., Choi, J.H., Choi, W.H., Rhee, K.W., Kim, Y.S., 2015, Quaternary fault analysis through a trench investigation on the northern extension of the Yangsan fault at Dangu-ri, Gyungju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 51(5), 471-485 (in Korean with English abstract). 10.14770/jgsk.2015.51.5.471
20
Lee, J.Y., 2016, Gyeongju earthquakes recorded in daily groundwater data at national groundwater monitoring stations in Gyeongju, Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment, 21(6), 80-86 (in Korean with English abstract). 10.7857/JSGE.2016.21.6.080
21
Lin, W., Yeh, E.C., Ito, H., Hung, J.H., Hirono, T., Soh, W., Ma, K.F., Kinoshita, M., Wang, C.Y., Song, S.R., 2007, Current stress state and principal stress rotations in the vicinity of the Chelungpu fault induced by the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake, Geophysical Research Letters, 34(16), 1-5. 10.1029/2007GL030515
22
Miklavcic, I., Radolic, V., Vukovic, B., Poje, M., Varga, M., Stanic, D., Planinic, J., 2008, Radon anomaly in soil gas as an earthquake precursor, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 66(10), 1459-1466. 10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.03.00218424052
23
Planinic, J., Radolic, V., Lazanin, Z., 2001, Temporal variations of radon in soil related to earthquakes, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 55(2), 267-272. 10.1016/S0969-8043(00)00387-0
24
Quilty, E.G., Farrar, C.D., Galloway, D.L., Hamlin, S.N., Laczniak, R.J., Roeloffs, E.A., Sorey, M.L., Woodcock, D.E., 1995, Hydrologic effects associated with the January 17, 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-813, 47p. 10.3133/ofr95813
25
Rikitake, T., 1979, Classification of earthquake precursors, Tectonophysics, 54(3-4), 293-309. 10.1016/0040-1951(79)90372-X
26
Roeloffs, E., 1988, Hydrologic precursors to earthquakes: a review, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 126(2-4), 177-209. 10.1007/BF00878996
27
Roeloffs, E., Danskin, W.R., Farrar, C.D., Galloway, D.L., Hamlin, S.N., Quilty, E.G., Quinn, H.M., Schaefer, D.H., Sorey, M.L., Woodcock, D.E., 1995, Hydrologic effects associated with the June 28, 1992 Landers, California, earthquake sequence, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-42, 68p. 10.3133/ofr9542
28
Sano, Y., Takahata, N., Kagoshima, T., Shibata, T., Onoue, T., Zhao, D., 2016, Groundwater helium anomaly reflects strain change during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Southwest Japan, Scientific Reports, 6, 37939. 10.1038/srep3793927897212PMC5126567
29
Shi, Z., Wang, G., Liu, C., 2014, Advances in research on earthquake fluids hydrogeology in China: a review, Earthquake Science, 26(6), 415-425. 10.1007/s11589-014-0060-5
30
Skelton, A., Stockmann, G., Andrén, M., Tollefsen, E., Sturkell, E., Mörth, C.M., Guðrúnardóttir, H.R., Kristmannsdóttir, H., Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Á, Jónsson, S., Balic-Zunic, T., Hjartarson, H., Siegmund, H., Keller, N.S., Odling, N., Broman, C., Dahrén, B., Kockum, I., 2016, Chemical changes in groundwater before and after earthquakes in northern Iceland, International Workshop on Earthquakes in North Iceland.
31
Song, Y., Ha, S., Lee, S., Kang, H.C., Choi, J.H., Son, M., 2020, Quaternary structural characteristics and paleoseismic interpretation of the Yangsan fault at Dangu-ri, Gyeongju-si, SE Korea, through trench survey, Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 56(2), 155-173 (in Korean with English abstract). 10.14770/jgsk.2020.56.2.155
32
Tsunomori, F., Tanaka, H., 2014, Anomalous change of groundwater radon concentration monitored at Nakaizu well in 2011, Radiation Measurements, 60, 35-41. 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.11.006
33
Um, S.H., Lee, D.W., Bak, B.S., 1964, Explanatory text of the geological map of Pohang sheet (scale 1:50,000), Korea Instutude of Geoscience and Mineral Presources, 21p.
34
Wang, C.M., Wang, Y.L., Zhang, H.P., Li, Y., Zhao, S., 1979, Characteristics of water-level variations in deep wells before and after the Tangshan earthquake of 1976, Proceedings of the International (UNESCO) Symposium on Earthquake Prediction, Paris, France.
35
Wang, C.Y., Chia, Y., 2008, Mechanism of water level changes during earthquakes: Near field versus intermediate field, Geophysical Research Letters, 35(12), L12402. 10.1029/2008GL034227
36
Woo, N.C., Piao, J., Lee, J.M., Lee, C.J., Kang, I.O., Choi, D.H., 2015, Abnormal changes in groundwater monitoring data due to small-magnitude earthquakes, The Journal of Engineering Geology, 25(1), 21-33 (in Korean with English abstract). 10.9720/kseg.2015.1.21
37
Yan, R., Woith, H., Wang, R., 2014, Groundwater level changes induced by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in China mainland, Geophysical Journal International, 199(1), 533-548. 10.1093/gji/ggu196
38
Ye, Q., Singh, R.P., He, A., Ji, S., Liu, C., 2015, Characteristic behavior of water radon associated with Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes along Longmenshan fault, Radiation Measurements, 76, 44-53. 10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.04.001
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Engineering Geology
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한지질공학회
  • Journal Title :The Journal of Engineering Geology
  • Journal Title(Ko) :지질공학
  • Volume : 30
  • No :4
  • Pages :617-634
  • Received Date : 2020-11-18
  • Revised Date : 2020-12-10
  • Accepted Date : 2020-12-10
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.9720/kseg.2020.4.617
Journal Informaiton The Journal of Engineering Geology The Journal of Engineering Geology
Online Submission
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close