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Research Article

Security and Safety Assessment of the Small-scale Offshore CO2 Storage Demonstration Project in the Pohang Basin

포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증연구 안전성 평가

Yi Kyun Kwon1*
,
Chandong Chang2
,
Youngjae Shinn3
권 이균1*
,
장 찬동2
,
신 영재3
1Department of Geo-Environmental Sciences, Kongju National University
2Department of Geology, Chungnam National University
3Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources
1공주대학교 지질환경과학과
2충남대학교 지질환경과학과
3한국지질자원연구원 CO2지중저장연구단
* 교신저자* Corresponding Author
30 June 2018. pp. 217-246
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Abstract

During the selection and characterization of target formations in the Small-scale Offshore CO2 Storage Demonstration Project in the Pohang Basin, we have carefully investigated the possibility of induced earthquakes and leakage of CO2 during the injection, and have designed the storage processes to minimize these effects. However, people in Pohang city have a great concern on CO2-injection-intrigued seismicity, since they have greatly suffered from the 5.4 magnitude earthquake on Nov. 15, 2017. The research team of the project performed an extensive self-investigation on the safety issues, especially on the possible CO2 leakage from the target formation and induced earthquakes. The target formation is 10 km apart from the epicenter of the Pohang earthquake and the depth is also quite shallow, only 750 to 800 m from the sea bottom. The project performed a pilot injection in the target formation from Jan. 12 to Mar. 12, 2017, which implies that there are no direct correlation of the Pohang earthquake on Nov. 15, 2017. In addition, the CO2 injection of the storage project does not fracture rock formations, instead, the supercritical CO2 fluid replaces formation water in the pore space gradually. The self-investigation results show that there is almost no chance for the injection to induce significant earthquakes unless injection lasts for a very long time to build a very high pore pressure, which can be easily monitored. The amount of injected CO2 in the project was around 100 metric-tonne that is irrelevant to the Pohang earthquake. The investigation result on long-term safety also shows that the induced earthquakes or the reactivation of existing faults can be prevented successfully when the injection pressure is controlled not to demage cap-rock formation nor exceed Coulomb stresses of existing faults. The project has been performing extensive studies on critical stress for fracturing neighboring formations, reactivation stress of existing faults, well-completion processes to minimize possible leakage, transport/leakage monitoring of injected CO2, and operation procedures for ensuring the storage safety. These extensive studies showed that there will be little chance in CO2 leakage that affects human life. In conclusion, the Small-scale Offshore CO2 Storage Demonstration Project in the Pohang Basin would not cause any induced earthquakes nor signifiant CO2 leakage that people can sense. The research team will give every effort to secure the safety of the storage site.

Keywords
CO2 Storage
Pohang earthquake
induced earthquakes
reactivation of existing faults
CO2 leakage
safety evaluation

포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구사업은 저장소 선정 및 저장소 특성화 연구 과정에서 CO2 지중저장 실증의 지진 유발 가능성과 누출 가능성에 대하여 진지하게 검토하고 CO2 지중저장 실증의 안정성을 확보하기 위한 많은 노력을 경주해 왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 2017년 11월 15일 발생한 규모 5.4의 포항 지진으로 큰 피해를 입은 포항시와 시민들은 CO2 지중저장 실증의 지진 유발 가능성에 대하여 큰 우려를 가지고 있는 상황이다. 포항분지 해상 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구팀은 2017년 포항 지진 이후 포항 영일만 CO2 지중저장 실증의 안전성에 대하여 자체 조사를 수행하여, 2017년 포항 지진과 포항분지 영일만 해상 CO2 지중저장 실증의 관련성과 향후 본격적인 CO2 지중저장 실증이 수행될 경우 지진 유발 가능성이나 누출 가능성에 대하여 면밀하게 평가하였다. 자체 조사 결과, 포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구사업은 2017년 포항지진의 진앙과 약 10 km 떨어진 영일만 해역에 저장소가 위치하며, CO2 저장층의 심도도 해저면 아래 약 750-800 m 정도로서 포항 지진의 심도와 큰 차이를 보인다. 또한 포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구사업은 2017년 1월 12일부터 3월 12일까지 약 3개월간 CO2 시험 주입을 수행한 이후 수송체계 구축과 주입공 격상을 위해 CO2 주입 행위가 중지된 상황으로 2017년 11월 15일에 발생한 포항 지진과 직접적인 관련성을 찾기 어렵다. 무엇보다도 CO2 지중저장 기술의 개념이 지층을 파쇄하는 것이 아니라 염수와 같은 유체로 채워진 다공질 퇴적층에서 염수를 천천히 밀어내면서 초임계상의 CO2를 주입한다는 측면에서 대용량의 CO2를 장기간 주입하여 저장층의 압력이 크게 상승하는 경우를 제외하면 인간 사회에 피해를 가져오는 일정 규모 이상의 지진을 유발할 가능성이 크지 않은 것으로 분석되었다. 게다가 포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구사업의 CO2 시험 주입 규모가 약 100톤 정도로서 규모 5.0 이상의 지진을 유발할 수 있는 대규모 주입 행위가 없었기 때문에 2017년 포항 지진과의 연관성을 가정하는 것이 무리가 있다. 포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구사업의 연구팀은 자체 조사를 통해 향후 포항분지 해상 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구사업이 장기적으로 수행될 경우 지진 유발 가능성과 누출 가능성에 대하여도 평가를 수행하였다. 자체 평가 결과에 따르면, 저장층 상부의 덮개층이 파쇄되거나 주변 단층의 재활성화가 발생하지 않도록 정해진 범위에서 압력을 조절하면서 CO2 스트림을 주입할 경우 지진 유발이나 단층 재활성화를 초래할 가능성이 매우 희박한 것으로 분석되었다. 더불어, 포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구사업은 CO2 지중저장 실증 과정에서 주입된 CO2 스트림의 누출을 최소화하기 위해 저장소 인근 지층의 파쇄 압력, 저장소 인근 단층의 재활성화 압력, 주입공 누출을 방지하기 위한 완결 공정, 주입된 CO2 스트림의 누출 경로 파악과 거동 및 누출 모니터링, 안전한 CO2 저장을 위한 저장소 운영과 관련된 연구를 충실하게 수행하고 있으며, 연구팀의 자체 조사 결과 주입된 CO2 스트림이 인간 사회에 영향을 미칠 정도의 규모로 누출될 가능성은 크지 않은 것으로 평가되었다. 결론적으로 포항분지 해상 중소규모 CO2 지중저장 실증 연구사업은 인간이 감지할 정도의 지진 유발 및 주입된 CO2 스트림의 누출을 발생시킬 가능성이 크지 않으며, 비록 적은 가능성이지만, 지진이나 누출이 발생하지 않도록 지속적으로 안전성 확보를 위한 연구개발을 최우선적으로 수행할 계획이다.

키워드
CO2 지중저장
포항 지진
유발 지진
단층 재활성화
CO2 누출
안전성 평가
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Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Engineering Geology
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한지질공학회
  • Journal Title :The Journal of Engineering Geology
  • Journal Title(Ko) :지질공학
  • Volume : 28
  • No :2
  • Pages :217-246
  • Received Date : 2018-05-14
  • Revised Date : 2018-06-04
  • Accepted Date : 2018-06-08
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.9720/kseg.2018.2.217
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