Preliminary Results of Marine Heat Flow Measurements in the Chukchi Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean, and Constraints on Crustal Origin

Young-Gyun Kim; Jong Kuk Hong; Young Keun Jin; Minseok Jang; Byung Dal So

doi:10.9720/kseg.2022.1.113

All Issue

2022 Vol.32, Issue 1 Preview Page Next Page

Research Article

Preliminary Results of Marine Heat Flow Measurements in the Chukchi Abyssal Plain, Arctic Ocean, and Constraints on Crustal Origin 북극 척치 해저평원의 해양지열관측 초기결과와 지각기원에 대한 의미

31 March 2022. pp. 113-126

PDF XML

Abstract

The tectonic history of the Chukchi Abyssal Plain in the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean, has not been fully explored due to the harsh conditions of sea ice preventing detailed observation. Existing models of the tectonic history of the region provide contrasting interpretation of the timing of formation of the crust (Mesozoic to Cenozoic), crust type (from hyper-extended continental crust to oceanic crust), and formation process (from parallel/fan-shaped rifting to transformation faulting). To help determine the age of the oceanic crust, the geothermal gradient was measured at three stations in the south of abyssal plain at depth of 2,160-2,250 m below sea level. Heat flow measurement stations were located perpendicular to the spreading axis over a 40 km-long transect. In-situ thermal conductivity measurement, corrected by the laboratory test, gave observed marine heat flows of 55 to 61 mW/m². All measurements were taken during Arctic expeditions in 2018 (ARA09C expedition) and 2021 (ARA12C expedition) by the Korean ice-breaking research vessel (IBRV) Araon. Given the assumption of oceanic crust, the results correspond to formation in the Late Cretaceous (Mesozoic). The inferred age supports the hypothesis of formation activated by the opening of the Makarov Basin during the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic. This would make it contemporaneous with rifting of the Chukchi Border Land immediately east of the abyssal plain. The heat flow data indicate the base of the gas hydrate stability zone is located 332-367 m below the seafloor, this will help to identify the gas hydrate-related bottom simulating reflector in the future seismic survey, as already identified on the Chukchi Plateau. Further geophysical surveys, including heat flow measurements, are required to increase our understanding of the formation process and thermal mantle structure of the abyssal plain.

Keywords

marine heat flow

origin of crust

IBRV Araon

Chukchi Abyssal Plain

Arctic Ocean

북극해 아메라시아 분지(Amerasia Basin)에 속한 척치 해저평원(Chukchi Abyssal Plain)의 지구조 역사(tectonic history)는 혹독한 해빙 조건으로 인한 관측 부족으로 인하여 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 지구조역사에 대한 여러 경쟁 가설들은 형성 시기로는 중생대에서 신생대까지, 지각 유형으로는 과도하게 확장된 대륙 지각에서 해양 지각까지, 형성 기작으로는 평행/부채꼴 균열에서 평행이동까지의 광범위한 범위를 갖는다. 2018년(ARA09C 항차)과 2021년(ARA12C 항차)에 쇄빙연구선 아라온을 이용해 해저평원의 수심 2,160~2,250 m 범위의 3개 정점에서 해양지각의 연령 결정에 필수적인 역할을 하는 해양지열의 관측이 이루어졌다. 해양지열 정점은 약 40 km에 걸쳐 확장축에 수직으로 위치한다. 퇴적물 코어 시료의 실험실 열전도도로부터 보정된 현장 열전도도를 사용하면, 관찰된 해양지열은 54~60 mW/m² 범위를 보인다. 해양지각을 가정할 때, 해양지열 관측결과는 형성 시기로서 후기 백악기(중생대)에 해당한다. 추정된 연대는 후기 중생대-신생대 동안 마카로프 분지가 열리면서 척치 해저평원 형성이 활성화되었다는 가설을 뒷받침한다. 이 시기는 동쪽으로 해저평원에 인접한 척치 보더랜드(Chukchi Border Land)의 열개 현상 발생과 동시대이다. 본 연구의 해양지열 관측결과로 퇴적물 내 가스하이드레이트 안정영역 하부(the base of the gas hydrate stability zone)의 위치가 추정되었고(332~367 mbsf), 이는 척치 고원(Chukchi Plateau)에서처럼 가스하이드레이트와 연관된 해저면 모사 반사면을 식별하는 데 도움이 될 것이다. 척치 해저평원의 정확한 형성 과정과 맨틀 열구조에 대한 이해를 높이기 위해 해양지열 관측을 포함한 추가적인 지구물리 탐사가 필요하다.

키워드

해양지열

지각기원

쇄빙연구선 아라온

척치 해저평원

북극해

References

Beardsmore, G.R., Cull, J.P., 2001, Crustal heat flow: A guide to measurement and modelling, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA, 324pp. 10.1017/CBO9780511606021

Berndt, C., Bünz, S., Clayton, T., Mienert, J., Saunders, M., 2004, Seismic character of bottom simulating reflectors: Examples from the mid-Norwegian margin, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21(6), 723-733. 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.02.003

Bird, K.J., Houseknecht, D.W., 2017, Geology and assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Chukchi Borderland Province, 2008, Professional Paper 1824-C, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 8p. 10.3133/pp1824C

Butsenko, V.V., Firsov, Y.G., Kashubin, S.P., Piskarev, A.L., Zholondz, S.M., 2019, Chukchi Plateau and Chukchi Basin, In: Piskarev, A., Poselov, V., Kaminsky, V. (Eds.), Geologic Structures of the Arctic Basin, Springer International Publishing, 269-280. 10.1007/978-3-319-77742-9_8

Chernykh, A., Glebovsky, V., Zykov, M., Korneva, M., 2018, New insights into tectonics and evolution of the Amerasia Basin, Journal of Geodynamics, 119, 167-182. 10.1016/j.jog.2018.02.010

Coakley, B., Brumley, K., Lebedeva-Ivanova, N., Mosher, D., 2016, Exploring the geology of the central Arctic Ocean; understanding the basin features in place and time, Journal of the Geological Society, 173(6), 967-987. 10.1144/jgs2016-082

Davis, E.E., Wang, K., Becker, K., Thomson, R.E., Yashayaev, I., 2003, Deep-ocean temperature variations and implications for errors in seafloor heat flow determinations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108(B1), 2034. 10.1029/2001JB001695

Døssing, A., Gaina, C., Brozena, J.M., 2017, Building and breaking a large igneous province: An example from the High Arctic, Geophysical Research Letters, 44(12), 6011-6019. 10.1002/2016GL072420

Expedition 317 Scientists, 2010, Canterbury Basin Sea Level: Global and local controls on continental margin stratigraphy, IODP Preliminary Report, 317, doi:10.2204/iodp.pr.317.2010.

Fisher, A.T., Harris, R.N., 2010, Using seafloor heat flow as a tracer to map subseafloor fluid flow in the ocean crust, Geofluids, 10(1-2), 142-160. 10.1002/9781444394900.ch1121226810

Foucher, J.P., Nouzé, H., Henry, P., 2002, Observation and tentative interpretation of a double BSR on the Nankai slope, Marine Geology, 187(1), 161-175. 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00264-5

GEBCO Compilation Group, 2020, GEBCO 2020 Grid, doi:10.5285/a29c5465-b138-234d-e053-6c86abc040b9.

Geletti, R., Busetti, M., 2011, A double bottom simulating reflector in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 116(B4), B04101. 10.1029/2010JB007864

Géli, L., Turon, J.L., Aslanian, D., Balut, Y., Beuzart, P., Cochran, J., Francheteau, J., Harmegnies, F., Landuré, J.Y., Le Suavé, R., Mazaud, A., Michel, E., Normand, A., Pichon, J.J., Vlastelic, I., 2001, Deep-penetration heat flow probes raise questions about interpretations from shorter probes, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 82(29), 317-320. 10.1029/01EO00186

Goto, S., Matsubayashi, O., 2008, Inversion of needle-probe data for sediment thermal properties of the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 113(B8), B08105. 10.1029/2007JB005119

Grantz, A., Clark, D.L., Phillips, R.L., Srivastava, S.P., Blome, C.D., Gray, L.B., Haga, H., Mamet, B.L., McIntyre, D.J., McNeil, D.H., Mickey, M.B., Mullen, M.W., Murchey, B.I., Ross, C.A., Stevens, C.H., Silberling, N.J., Wall, J.H., Willard, D.A., 1998, Phanerozoic stratigraphy of Northwind Ridge, magnetic anomalies in the Canada basin, and the geometry and timing of rifting in the Amerasia basin, Arctic Ocean, GSA Bulletin, 110(6), 801-820. 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0801:PSONRM>2.3.CO;2

Grantz, A., Hart, P.E., Childers, V.A., 2011, Geology and tectonic development of the Amerasia and Canada Basins, Arctic Ocean, In: Spencer, A.M., Embry, A.F., Gautier, D.L., Stoupakova, A.V., Sørensen, K. (Eds.), Arctic Petroleum Geology, Geological Society Memoir No. 35, The Geological Society of London, 771-799. 10.1144/M35.50

Grevemeyer, I., Villinger, H., 2001, Gas hydrate stability and the assessment of heat flow through continental margins, Geophysical Journal International, 145(3), 647-660. 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01404.x

Hegewald, A., Jokat, W., 2013, Tectonic and sedimentary structures in the northern Chukchi region, Arctic Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118(7), 3285-3296. 10.1002/jgrb.50282

Hutnak, M., Fisher, A.T., 2007, Influence of sedimentation, local and regional hydrothermal circulation, and thermal rebound on measurements of seafloor heat flux, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 112(B12). 10.1029/2007JB005022

Hyndman, R.D., Erickson, A.J., Von Herzen, R.P., 1974, Geothermal measurements on DSDP Leg 26, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 26, 451-463. 10.2973/dsdp.proc.26.113.1974

Ilhan, I., Coakley, B.J., 2018, Meso-Cenozoic evolution of the southwestern Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 95, 100-109. 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.04.014

Jin, Y.K., Onboard Ship Scientific Party, 2017, ARA07C Cruise Report: 2016 Korea-Russia-Germany East Siberian Sea research program, BSPM16050-080-3, Korea Polar Research Institute, 103p.

Jin, Y.K., Shipboard Scientific Party, 2019, ARA09C Cruise Report: 2018 Korea-Russia-Japan East Siberian/Chukchi Sea research program, BSPM18050-019-3, Korea Polar Research Institute, 205p.

Jin, Y.K., Shipboard Scientific Party, 2020, ARA10C Cruise Report: 2019 Korea-Russia East Siberian/Chukchi Sea research program, BSPM19050-101-3, Korea Polar Research Institute, 161p.

Jokat, W., 2009, The expedition of the research vessel “Polarstern” to the Arctic in 2008 (ARK-XXIII/3), Alfred Wegener Institute, 222p.

Kang, S.G., Jang, U., Kim, S., Choi, Y., Kim, Y.G., Hong, J.K., Jin, Y.K., 2021, Exploration of the gas hydrates on the southwestern continental slope of the Chukchi Plateau in the Arctic Ocean, Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers, 58(5), 418-432 (in Korean with English abstract). 10.32390/ksmer.2021.58.5.418

Kashubin, S.N., Petrov, O.V., Artemieva, I.M., Morozov, A.F., Vyatkina, D.V., Golysheva, Yu.S., Kashubina, T.V., Milshtein, E.D., Rybalka, A.V., Erinchek, Yu.M., Sakulina, T.S., Krupnova, N.A., Shulgin, A.A., 2018, Crustal structure of the Mendeleev Rise and the Chukchi Plateau (Arctic Ocean) along the Russian wide-angle and multichannel seismic reflection experiment “Arctic-2012”, Journal of Geodynamics, 119, 107-122. 10.1016/j.jog.2018.03.006

Kim, J.H., Hachikubo, A., Kida, M., Minami, H., Lee, D.H., Jin, Y.K., Ryu, J.S., Lee, Y.M., Hur, J., Park, M.H., Kim, Y.G., Kang, M.H., Park, S., Chen, M., Kang, S.G., Kim, S., 2020b, Upwarding gas source and postgenetic processes in the shallow sediments from the ARAON Mounds, Chukchi Sea, Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 76, 103223. 10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103223

Kim, Y.G., Kim, S., Lee, D.H., Lee, Y.M., Kim, H.J., Kang, S.G., Jin, Y.K., 2020a, Occurrence of active gas hydrate mounds in the southwestern slope of the Chukchi Plateau, Arctic Ocean, Episodes, 43(2), 811-823. 10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020053

Kim, Y.G., Lee, S.M., Matsubayashi, O., 2010, New heat flow measurements in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan): Relationship to local BSR depth, and implications for regional heat flow distribution, Geo-Marine Letters, 30(6), 595-603. 10.1007/s00367-010-0207-x

Kvenvolden, K.A., Barnard, L.A., 1983, Gas hydrates of the Blake Outer Ridge, Site 533, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 76, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Covering Leg 76 of the Cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger, Norfolk, Virginia to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, October-December, 1980, 76, 353p. 10.2973/dsdp.proc.76.106.1983

Lee, G.H., Kim, H.J., Jou, H.T., Cho, H.M., 2003, Opal-A/opal-CT phase boundary inferred from bottom-simulating reflectors in the southern South Korea Plateau, East Sea (Sea of Japan), Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24), 2238. 10.1029/2003GL018670

McKenzie, D.P., Roberts, J.M., Weiss, N.O., 1974, Convection in the earth’s mantle: Towards a numerical simulation, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 62(3), 465-538. 10.1017/S0022112074000784

Nikishin, A.M., Petrov, E.I., Cloetingh, S., Freiman, S.I., Malyshev, N.A., Morozov, A.F., Posamentier, H.W., Verzhbitsky, V.E., Zhukov, N.N., Startseva, K., 2021a, Arctic Ocean Mega Project: Paper 3 - Mesozoic to Cenozoic geological evolution, Earth-Science Reviews, 217, 103034. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103034

Nikishin, A.M., Petrov, E.I., Cloetingh, S., Malyshev, N.A., Morozov, A.F., Posamentier, H.W., Verzhbitsky, V.E., Freiman, S.I., Rodina, E.A., Startseva, K.F., Zhukov, N.N., 2021b, Arctic Ocean Mega Project: Paper 2 - Arctic stratigraphy and regional tectonic structure, Earth-Science Reviews, 217, 103581. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103581

Nikishin, A.M., Startseva, K.F., Verzhbitsky, V.E., Cloetingh, S., Malyshev, N.A., Petrov, E.I., Posamentier, H., Freiman, S.I., Lineva, M.D., Zhukov, N.N., 2019, Sedimentary basins of the East Siberian sea and the Chukchi sea and the adjacent area of the Amerasia basin: Seismic stratigraphy and stages of geological history, Geotectonics, 53(6),635-657. 10.1134/S0016852119060104

Oakey, G.N., Saltus, R.W., 2016, Geophysical analysis of the Alpha-Mendeleev ridge complex: Characterization of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province, Tectonophysics, 691, 65-84. 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.08.005

O’Regan, M., 2007, Data report: high-resolution bulk density, dry density, and porosity records from the Arctic Coring Expedition, IODP Expedition 302, In: Backman, J., Moran, K., McInroy, D.B., Mayer, L.A., Expedition 302 Scientists (Eds.), Proc. IODP, 302: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International Inc., Edinburgh. 10.2204/iodp.proc.302.201.2008

Paton, D.A., Pindell, J., McDermott, K., Bellingham, P., Horn, B., 2017, Evolution of seaward-dipping reflectors at the onset of oceanic crust formation at volcanic passive margins: Insights from the South Atlantic, Geology, 45(5), 439-442. 10.1130/G38706.1

Pollack, H.N., Hurter, S.J., Johnson, J.R., 1993, Heat flow from the Earth’s interior: Analysis of the global data set, Reviews of Geophysics, 31(3), 267-280. 10.1029/93RG01249

Pribnow, D.F.C., Kinoshita, M., Stein, C.A., 2000, Thermal data collection and heat flow recalculations for ODP Legs 101-180, Hannover, Germany.

Sclater, J.G., Hasterok, D., Goutorbe, B., Hillier, J., Negrete, R., 2014, Marine heat flow, In: Harff, J., Meschede, M., Petersen, S., Thiede, J. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1-16. 10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_112-1

Sloan Jr., E.D., Koh, C.A., 2007, Clathrate hydrates of natural gases (3rd ed.), CRC Press, 752p. 10.1201/9781420008494

Stein, C.A., 2013, Heat flow of the Earth, In: Ahrens, T.J. (Ed.), Global Earth Physics, American Geophysical Union, 144-158. 10.1029/RF001p0144

Stein, C.A., Stein, S., 1992, A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age, Nature, 359(6391), 123-129. 10.1038/359123a0

Timmermans, M.L., Garrett, C., 2006, Evolution of the deep water in the Canadian Basin in the Arctic Ocean, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 36(5), 866-874. 10.1175/JPO2906.1

Vadakkepuliyambatta, S., 2019, A graphical user interface for estimating the gas hydrate stability in marine sediments, 10.18710/OIXJEK, DataverseNO, V1.

Von Herzen, R., Ruppel, C., Molnar, P., Nettles, M., Nagihara, S., Ekström, G., 2001, A constraint on the shear stress at the Pacific-Australian plate boundary from heat flow and seismicity at the Kermadec forearc, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B4), 6817-6833. 10.1029/2000JB900469

Wang, R., Xiao, W., Shao, L., Chen, J., Gao, A., 2012, Paleoceanographic records in the Chukchi Basin, western Arctic Ocean during the late Quaternary, Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 31(1), 83-94. 10.1007/s13131-012-0179-y

Wilson, R.W., Houseman, G.A., Buiter, S.J.H., McCaffrey, K.J.W., Doré, A.G., 2019, Fifty years of the Wilson Cycle concept in plate tectonics: An overview, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 470(1), 1-17. 10.1144/SP470-2019-58

Xu, W., Ruppel, C., 1999, Predicting the occurrence, distribution, and evolution of methane gas hydrate in porous marine sediments, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 104(B3), 5081-5095. 10.1029/1998JB900092

Zhang, T., Dyment, J., Gao, J.Y., 2019, Age of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean: Indications from high-resolution magnetic data, Geophysical Research Letters, 46(23), 13712-13721. 10.1029/2019GL085736

Zhang, T., Shen, Z.Y., Zhang, F., Ding, M., 2021, Heat flow distribution in the Chukchi Borderland and surrounding regions, Arctic Ocean, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 22(12), e2021GC010033. 10.1029/2021GC010033

Information

Publisher :Korean Society of Engineering Geology
Publisher(Ko) :대한지질공학회
Journal Title :The Journal of Engineering Geology
Journal Title(Ko) :지질공학
Volume : 32
No :1
Pages :113-126
Received Date : 2022-01-10
Revised Date : 2022-02-17
Accepted Date : 2022-02-24
DOI :https://doi.org/10.9720/kseg.2022.1.113

The Journal of Engineering Geology ISSN:1226-5268(Print) 2287-7169(Online) 지질공학

All Issue