Research Article

The Journal of Engineering Geology. 31 March 2023. 169-187
https://doi.org/10.9720/kseg.2023.1.169

ABSTRACT


MAIN

  • 서 론

  • 연구방법

  • 분석자료

  • 통계학적 분석방법

  • 분석결과

  •   유역권별 하천골재의 물리적 특성

  •   유역권별 육상골재의 물리적 특성

  •   지질별 산림골재의 물리적 특성

  • 결 론

서 론

골재는 도로, 철도, 항만, 공항 등 국가 사회 간접시설에서부터 주택과 같은 국민의 주거생활에 이르기까지 일상생활에 없어서는 안되는 필수적인 건설자재로서 국가건설의 기본이 되는 기초자재이다. 골재는 천연자원으로 각 시군에 따라 부존특성이 다르며, 골재자체의 사용물량과 그 중량으로 인해 원거리에서 조달이 힘들다는 특성이 있다. 사회간접자본으로서 골재 자원은 건설경제의 활성화로 인해 골재 수요는 계속 증가하는 추세인 반면, 자연환경의 보존과 인식의 확산으로 효과적인 골재채취에 많은 어려움이 뒤따르게 되었다. 건설재료 중 상당부분을 차지하는 콘크리트는 구성재료의 대부분이 대단히 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 일반적으로 골재의 성질은 골재의 입형과 입도 등과 이차적인 요소를 제외하면 천연골재와 쇄석골재를 막론하고 대부분이 원 암석의 성질에 좌우된다. 원암석의 성질은 성인과 생성메커니즘에 의해 다양하게 나타날 수 있는데, 이는 암석의 물성이나 역학적 특성 등과 같은 제반 특성에 많은 영향을 미친다. 또한 동일기원의 암석이라 할지라도 산출되는 지역에 따라 광물학적 및 역학적 특성에 다소 차이가 있을 수 있으며, 풍화 및 변질정도에 의해서도 다른 특성을 보일 수도 있다. 그러나 지금까지 보편적으로 행해져 왔던 콘크리트용 골재시험은 비중, 흡수율, 마모율, 안정성 등 주로 물리적 특성조사에만 국한되어져 왔으며, 이러한 품질 기준에만 적합하면 암석 고유의 광물학적 및 화학적 특성은 거의 무시한 채 어떤 용도의 골재로 사용하더라도 크게 문제시하지 않았다. 하지만 암석 고유의 특성을 감안하여 적합한 용도의 골재로 이용하기 위해서는 암석의 물리적 ‧ 역학적 특성을 구명하기 전에 먼저 원암석의 광물학적 및 화학적인 특성을 이해하는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다고 할 수 있다(Jin et al., 1998). 따라서 이 연구의 목적은 골재자원조사 사업에서 도출된 전국의 골재 품질시험 결과를 바탕으로 하천/육상/산림골재의 물리적 특성값을 정리 분석함으로써 국내 골재의 분포 경향을 파악하는데 기본자료로 제공하고자 한다.

연구방법

2007~2021년까지 한국수자원공사와 한국지질자원연구원에서 수행된 84개 시 ‧ 군의 골재자원조사(MCT and KORES, 2007; MCT and KIGAM, 2007a, 2007b, 2008; MLIT and K-water, 2014a, 2014b, 2015a, 2015b, 2016a, 2016b, 2017a, 2017b, 2017c, 2017d, 2018a, 2018b, 2018c; MLIT and K-water and KIGAM, 2017; MLIT and KIGAM, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018a, 2018b, 2019a, 2019b, 2019c, 2019d, 2019e, 2020a, 2020b, 2020c, 2020d, 2020e, 2020f, 2021a, 2021b, 2021c, 2021d, 2021e, 2021f, 2021g; MLTMA and K-water and KORES, 2008; MLTMA and KORES, 2009; MLTMA and K-water, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, 2010d, 2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d, 2011e, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d; MLTMA and KIGAM, 2008, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, 2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c)에 대해 골재자원 정보시스템(Aggregate Resource Information System, 2011)을 통해 자료를 수집하였다. 또한, 조사위치 인근 하천정보에 대해서는 한국 하천열람(MOE, 2021)을 통해 하천연장을 파악하였고 위성사진(다음 지도)을 이용하여 하천 폭을 직접 측정하였다.

골재자원조사 결과 중 하천골재 1,118개소, 육상골재 1,828개소에 대해서는 시추조사, 시험굴조사, 물리탐사, 품질시험 등을 파악하였으며, 산림골재는 654개소에 대해 시추조사, 품질시험 자료를 수집하여 물리적(18개 항목) 특성을 분석하였다.

수집된 자료는 기본적으로 엑셀(excel) 프로그램에서 데이터베이스를 구축하였으며, 데이터를 바탕으로 표를 작성하였으며, 상관성 분석, 정규분포곡선 및 통계분석은 사회과학용 통계 패키지(statistical package for the social sciences, SPSS) 프로그램을 사용하여 수행하였다.

분석자료

수집한 자료는 하천골재 1,112개, 육상골재 1,828개, 산림골재 654개 등 총 3,594개 자료이다. 수집된 자료의 특성별 현황은 다음 Table 1과 같다.

Table 1.

Data set (river aggregate, land aggregate, forest aggregate)

Category River aggregate Land aggregate Category Forest aggregate
Case Ratio (%) Case Ratio (%) Case Ratio (%)
Total 1,112 100.0 1,828 100.0 Total 654 100.0
Area Geumgang 158 14.2 349 19.1 Geological features Metamorphic rock 238 36.4
Nakdonggang 479 43.1 545 29.8 Sedimentary rock 93 14.2
Seomjingang 23 2.1 156 8.5 Igneous rock 323 49.4
Yeongsangang 151 13.6 274 15.0 Etc 8 1.2
Hangang 301 27.1 504 27.6

수집항목은 하천골재와 육상골재에서 물리적 특성 18개 항목, 산림골재에서 물리적 특성 12개 항목이다. 골재별 세부 항목은 Table 2와 같다.

Table 2.

Measured properties (river aggregate, land aggregate, forest aggregate)

Category Item (river aggregate, land aggregate) Item (forest aggregate)
Physical
properties
(%)
10 mm / 5 mm / 2.5 mm / 1.2 mm / 0.6 mm / 0.3 mm /
0.15 mm / 0.08 sieve passing / Surface dry density (g/cm3) /
Absolute dry density (g/cm3) / True density (g/cm3) /
Water absorption rate / Granulation rate / Stability /
Clay mass / Unit mass (kg/l) / Chloride / Yield rate
0.08 sieve passing / Surface dry density (g/cm3) /
Absolute dry density (g/cm3) / True density (g/cm3) /
Unit volume mass (kg/l) / Water absorption rate /
Wear rate / Assembly rate / Performance rate / Porosity /
Stability / Sc/Rc (alkaline aggregate reaction)

통계학적 분석방법

SPSS v22를 이용하여 통계분석을 실시하였으며, 기술통계(descriptive statistics), 분산분석(analysis of variance, ANOVA), 상관분석(correlation)을 실시하였다.

기술통계(descriptive statistics)로는 산술평균(mean), 평균의 표준오차(standard error of the means), 표준편차(standard deviation)를 분석하였다(Park and Yoon, 1997). 집단 간의 평균 차이에 대한 통계적 유의성을 검증하기 위해 분산분석(analysis of variance, ANOVA)을 실시하였다(Park and Yoon, 1997).

분산분석이란, 세 집단 이상의 평균치의 차이를 분석하고자 할 때 사용하는 분석방법으로 분산분석의 가설설정은 다음과 같다.

• 귀무가설(H0) : 각 집단의 평균은 동일하다(μ1=μ2=...=μn).

• 대립가설(H1) : 각 집단의 평균은 차이가 있다(μiμj : 서로 다른 i, j에 대해 적어도 하나는 다름).

분산분석 그룹 내 분산과 그룹 간 분산을 가지고 산출한 F값(검정통계량)을 통해 가설을 검증한다. 그룹 내 분산(within groups sum of squares, SSW)은 각 집단의 평균치를 중심으로 그 집단에 속하는 측정치들이 얼마나 떨어져 있는 정도를 측정한 것으로 계산식은 다음 식 (1)과 같다.

(1)
SSW=j[(Xij-Xj)2]

여기서, Xij : j집단의 i표본의 측정치, Xj¯ : j집단의 평균

그룹 간 분산(between groups sum of squares, SSB)은 각 집단의 평균과 전체 평균의 떨어진 정도를 측정한 것으로 계산식은 다음 식 (2)와 같다.

(2)
SSB=nj(X¯ij-Xt¯)2

여기서, X¯ij : j집단의 i표본의 평균, Xt¯ : 전체 평균

총 분산(total groups sum of squares, SST)은 각 표본의 측정치들이 전체 평균으로부터 얼마나 떨어져 있는지를 측정한 것으로 계산식은 다음 식 (3)과 같다.

(3)
SST=ij(X¯ij-Xt¯)2

여기서, X¯ij : j집단의 i표본의 평균, Xt¯ : 전체 평균

(4)
,SST=SSW+SSB

검정통계량 F값은 그룹 간 변량과 그룹 내 변량의 비로 계산되며, 계산식은 다음 식 (5)와 같다.

(5)
F=MSBMSW

여기서, MSB=SSBdfB (dfB : 집단 간 자유도 = 집단수 – 1)

MSW=SSWdfW (dfW : 집단 내 자유도 = 전체 사례수 – 집단수)

두 변수간의 연관성을 파악하기 위해 상관분석(correlation)을 실시하였다. 상관계수로는 피어슨 상관계수(Pearson’s correlation coefficient)를 사용하였다(Yun, 2000).

상관분석이란, 두 변수 간에 얼마나 밀접한 선형관계를 가지고 있는지 분석하는 방법으로 선형관계의 정도를 나타내는 상관계수 계산식은 다음 식 (6)과 같다.

(6)
r=Cov(X,Y)Var(X)Var(Y)=covarianceofX,Y(standarddeviationofX)(standarddeviationofY)

여기서, Cov(X,Y)=(Xi-X¯)(Yi-Y¯),Var(X)=(Xi-X¯)2,Var(Y)=(Yi-Y¯)2

상관계수는 -1 < r < 1의 값을 가지며 1에 근접할수록 정(+)의 상관관계를, -1에 근접할수록 부(-)의 상관관계를, 0에 근접할수록 상관관계가 약하다는 것을 의미한다.

분석결과

유역권별 하천골재의 물리적 특성

하천골재의 물리적 특성 관련 18개 항목의 분포를 분석한 결과, 금강권역에서 2.5 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.08체 통과량과 낙동강권역의 점토덩어리, 섬진강권역의 10 mm, 5 mm, 2.5 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.08체 통과량, 안정성과 영산강권역에서 10 mm, 5 mm, 2.5 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.08체 통과량과 한강권역에서 10 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.08체 통과량, 실적율이 다른 물리적 특성과는 다른 분포의 양상을 보이는 것으로 분석됐다(Tables 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).

5개 유역권별로 18개 물리적 특성 항목의 평균에 차이가 있는지 여부를 파악하기 위해 분산분석(ANOVA)을 실시한 결과, 18개 항목 중 흡수율과 실적율을 제외한 16개 항목이 권역별로 평균에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석됐다.

Table 3.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (river aggregate, Geumgang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 123 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 117
Mean 3.50 5.75 11.44 18.78 21.83 14.72 7.60 12.68 2.56
Std. error of the means 0.61 0.61 1.00 1.37 1.40 1.46 1.06 2.38 0.00
Std. deviation 6.71 7.07 11.67 15.86 16.24 17.02 12.34 27.60 0.04
Category Absolute
dry density
(g/cm3)
True
density
(g/cm3)
Water
absorption
rate
Assembly
rate
Stability Lump of
clay
Unit volu-
me mass
(kg/l)
Chloride Perfor-
mance
rate
Case (N) 117 94 117 134 73 29 95 44 66
Mean 2.52 2.61 1.58 2.42 3.37 0.24 1.58 0.01 63.04
Std. error of the means 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.10 0.19 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.45
Std. deviation 0.05 0.05 0.63 1.16 1.60 0.18 0.09 0.01 3.64
Table 4.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (river aggregate, Nakdonggang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 392 435 435 416 416 416 416 470 427
Mean 5.19 5.86 8.84 14.71 17.74 18.63 11.33 13.15 2.53
Std. error of the means 0.59 0.45 0.57 0.81 0.83 0.96 0.63 0.98 0.00
Std. deviation 11.74 9.48 11.90 16.56 16.96 19.66 12.86 21.26 0.09
Category Absolute
dry density
(g/cm3)
True
density
(g/cm3)
Water
absorption
rate
Assembly
rate
Stability Lump of
clay
Unit volu-
me mass
(kg/l)
Chloride Perfor-
mance
rate
Case (N) 461 165 428 442 421 243 188 289 36
Mean 2.51 2.54 1.74 2.38 2.73 12.33 1.54 0.01 62.19
Std. error of the means 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.09 1.58 0.01 0.00 0.73
Std. deviation 0.11 0.07 1.05 1.20 1.80 24.69 0.15 0.02 4.37
Table 5.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (river aggregate, Seomjingang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 14 16 16 16 16 16 16 18 19
Mean 10.52 14.40 26.72 25.96 15.56 4.97 3.13 3.80 2.46
Std. error of the means 1.85 1.91 2.96 2.29 2.91 1.72 1.03 1.27 0.02
Std. deviation 6.92 7.63 11.83 9.16 11.65 6.89 4.11 5.40 0.07
Case (N) 19 19 19 19 10 0 0 0 0
Mean 2.41 2.53 1.89 3.48 3.63 - - - -
Std. error of the means 0.02 0.01 0.15 0.14 1.03 - - - -
Std. deviation 0.08 0.06 0.66 0.63 3.27 - - - -
Table 6.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (river aggregate, Yeongsangang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 109 125 125 125 125 125 125 95 95
Mean 8.72 14.05 14.35 17.27 20.85 11.91 3.80 14.24 2.55
Std. error of the means 1.34 1.53 1.24 1.11 1.69 1.09 0.37 2.37 0.01
Std. deviation 14.03 17.06 13.88 12.46 18.86 12.15 4.12 23.14 0.06
Category Absolute
dry density
(g/cm3)
True
density
(g/cm3)
Water
absorption
rate
Assembly
rate
Stability Lump of
clay
Unit volu-
me mass
(kg/l)
Chloride Perfor-
mance
rate
Case (N) 95 62 95 102 91 33 68 35 49
Mean 2.50 2.61 1.67 3.02 4.71 1.43 1.60 0.04 62.53
Std. error of the means 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.14 0.59 0.20 0.02 0.01 0.48
Std. deviation 0.09 0.05 0.79 1.38 5.60 1.17 0.13 0.06 3.38
Table 7.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (river aggregate, Hangang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 78 243 243 243 243 243 243 273 257
Mean 3.62 12.93 17.23 22.03 23.84 9.30 4.56 7.11 2.56
Std. error of the means 1.12 0.88 0.97 0.97 1.35 0.64 0.54 1.10 0.00
Std. deviation 9.90 13.70 15.07 15.07 21.07 10.05 8.40 18.23 0.06
Category Absolute
dry density
(g/cm3)
True
density
(g/cm3)
Water
absorption
rate
Assembly
rate
Stability Lump of
clay
Unit volu-
me mass
(kg/l)
Chloride Perfor-
mance
rate
Case (N) 258 195 257 274 252 89 84 65 38
Mean 2.53 2.63 1.71 2.77 3.76 0.96 1.58 0.01 64.09
Std. error of the means 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.17 0.14 0.02 0.00 1.01
Std. deviation 0.08 0.05 0.82 1.06 2.74 1.29 0.15 0.01 6.20

유역권별 10 mm, 5 mm, 2.5 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.08체 통과량, 표면건조밀도, 절대건조밀도, 진밀도, 조립률, 안정성, 점토덩어리, 단위용적질량, 염화물도 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 유역권별 흡수율과 실적율은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있다고 할 수 없는 것으로 나타났다(Table 8).

Table 8.

ANOVA of physical properties by area (river aggregate)

Sum of squares df Mean square F Sig.
10 mm Between groups (combined) 2,280.224 4 570.056 4.563 .001
Within groups 88,834.997 711 124.944
Total 91,115.222 715
5 mm Between groups (combined) 13,093.013 4 3,273.253 24.249 .000
Within groups 128,098.733 949 134.983
Total 141,191.745 953
2.5 mm Between groups (combined) 15,055.876 4 3,763.969 22.238 .000
Within groups 160,622.651 949 169.255
Total 175,678.526 953
1.2 mm Between groups (combined) 9,525.913 4 2,381.478 9.934 .000
Within groups 222,941.516 930 239.722
Total 232,467.429 934
0.6 mm Between groups (combined) 6,477.850 4 1,619.463 4.886 .001
Within groups 308,278.814 930 331.483
Total 314,756.664 934
0.3 mm Between groups (combined) 15,971.193 4 3,992.798 15.306 .000
Within groups 242,610.065 930 260.871
Total 258,581.257 934
0.15 mm Between groups (combined) 10,070.742 4 2,517.686 21.595 .000
Within groups 108,425.191 930 116.586
Total 118,495.934 934
0.08 sieve passing Between groups (combined) 8,481.408 4 2,120.352 4.592 .001
Within groups 455,268.021 986 461.732
Total 463,749.429 990
Surface dry density
(g/cm3)
Between groups (combined) .279 4 .070 12.296 .000
Within groups 5.167 910 .006
Total 5.446 914
Absolute dry density
(g/cm3)
Between groups (combined) .265 4 .066 7.498 .000
Within groups 8.360 945 .009
Total 8.625 949
True density
(g/cm3)
Between groups (combined) .900 4 .225 66.140 .000
Within groups 1.802 530 .003
Total 2.702 534
Water absorption rate Between groups (combined) 3.039 4 .760 .916 .454
Within groups 755.124 911 .829
Total 758.162 915
Assembly rate Between groups (combined) 67.131 4 16.783 12.250 .000
Within groups 1323.397 966 1.370
Total 1390.528 970
Stability Between groups (combined) 369.954 4 92.488 12.284 .000
Within groups 6,339.726 842 7.529
Total 6,709.680 846
Lump of clay Between groups (combined) 12,144.310 3 4,048.103 10.690 .000
Within groups 147,681.186 390 378.670
Total 159,825.497 393
Unit volume mass (kg/l) Between groups (combined) .240 3 .080 4.478 .004
Within groups 7.687 431 .018
Total 7.926 434
Chloride Between groups (combined) .043 3 .014 31.521 .000
Within groups .194 429 .000
Total .237 432
Performance rate Between groups (combined) 79.755 3 26.585 1.405 .243
Within groups 3,499.486 185 18.916
Total 3,579.241 188

유역권별 육상골재의 물리적 특성

육상골재의 물리적 특성 관련 18개 항목의 분포를 분석한 결과, 금강권역은 18개 항목 중 물리적 특성이 다른 분포 양상을 보이는 것이 없으나, 낙동강권역의 점토덩어리, 섬진강권역의 10 mm, 5 mm, 영산강권역의 0.08체 통과량, 한강권역에서 10 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.08체 통과량은 다른 물리적 특성과는 다른 분포의 양상을 보이는 것으로 분석됐다(Tables 9, 10, 11, 12, 13).

Table 9.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (land aggregate, Geumgang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 191 233 233 233 233 233 233 268 265
Mean 5.76 10.52 14.65 19.04 19.25 12.56 8.44 4.90 2.58
Std. error of the means 0.67 0.58 0.62 0.58 0.70 0.61 0.58 0.47 0.00
Std. deviation 9.30 8.90 9.48 8.84 10.62 9.25 8.79 7.76 0.07
Category Absolute
dry density
(g/cm3)
True
density
(g/cm3)
Absorption
rate
Assembly
rate
Stability Lump of
clay
Unit volu-
me mass
(kg/l)
Chloride Perfor-
mance
rate
Case (N) 262 169 267 238 157 91 112 122 65
Mean 2.54 2.63 1.64 2.96 3.90 3.52 1.70 0.01 67.23
Std. error of the means 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.16 0.33 0.02 0.00 0.29
Std. deviation 0.08 0.05 0.67 0.63 1.94 3.15 0.18 0.05 2.35
Table 10.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (land aggregate, Nakdonggang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 219 325 325 294 294 294 294 448 391
Mean 6.51 9.90 10.39 13.31 14.45 15.10 12.57 12.25 2.55
Std. error of the means 0.78 0.61 0.53 0.67 0.66 0.68 0.78 0.99 0.00
Std. deviation 11.50 10.95 9.50 11.42 11.24 11.60 13.35 20.86 0.08
Category Absolute
dry density
(g/cm3)
True
density
(g/cm3)
Absorption
rate
Assembly
rate
Stability Lump of
clay
Unit volu-
me mass
(kg/l)
Chloride Perfor-
mance
rate
Case (N) 423 222 395 366 294 193 158 209 49
Mean 2.52 2.58 1.44 2.45 2.79 16.81 1.63 0.01 62.98
Std. error of the means 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.11 1.90 0.02 0.00 0.65
Std. deviation 0.13 0.08 0.76 1.04 1.82 26.33 0.20 0.02 4.56
Table 11.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (land aggregate, Seomjingang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 16 84 84 84 84 84 84 119 114
Mean 12.94 14.00 17.73 19.91 20.43 14.34 7.23 4.46 2.50
Std. error of the means 2.05 1.09 0.76 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.45 0.84 0.01
Std. deviation 8.19 9.99 6.93 6.80 6.93 7.12 4.10 9.18 0.06
Category Absolute
dry density
(g/cm3)
True
density
(g/cm3)
Absorption
rate
Assembly
rate
Stability Lump of
clay
Unit volu-
me mass
(kg/l)
Chloride Perfor-
mance
rate
Case (N) 114 110 114 119 60 4 4 20 0
Mean 2.46 2.53 1.26 2.72 2.42 2.43 1.68 0.00 -
Std. error of the means 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.06 0.17 0.24 0.07 0.00 -
Std. deviation 0.12 0.11 0.92 0.68 1.35 0.47 0.14 0.00 -
Table 12.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (land aggregate, Yeongsangang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 135 188 188 188 188 188 188 169 153
Mean 5.22 16.03 17.79 22.88 17.04 9.68 4.16 10.97 2.49
Std. error of the means 0.41 0.93 0.65 0.86 0.68 0.48 0.26 1.20 0.01
Std. deviation 4.78 12.80 8.93 11.77 9.30 6.56 3.62 15.62 0.10
Case (N) 153 122 153 168 156 20 50 36 31
Mean 2.45 2.56 2.24 3.01 3.21 1.18 2.03 0.08 62.92
Std. error of the means 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.07 0.28 0.20 0.07 0.02 0.67
Std. deviation 0.14 0.09 1.25 0.89 3.47 0.88 0.46 0.12 3.74
Table 13.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (land aggregate, Hangang)

Category 10
mm
5
mm
2.5
mm
1.2
mm
0.6
mm
0.3
mm
0.15
mm
0.08 sieve
passing
Surface
dry density
(g/cm3)
Case (N) 172 274 274 274 274 274 274 353 343
Mean 14.19 11.27 10.98 18.14 19.71 11.02 5.57 8.64 2.58
Std. error of the means 1.68 0.75 0.55 0.93 1.06 0.51 0.31 1.04 0.00
Std. deviation 22.06 12.42 9.04 15.44 17.47 8.44 5.19 19.45 0.06
Category Absolute
dry density
(g/cm3)
True
density
(g/cm3)
Absorption
rate
Assembly
rate
Stability Lump of
clay
Unit volu-
me mass
(kg/l)
Chloride Perfor-
mance
rate
Case (N) 344 197 343 372 337 151 62 152 25
Mean 2.55 2.62 1.64 3.08 4.11 2.04 1.76 0.00 64.49
Std. error of the means 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.06 0.24 0.14 0.03 0.00 0.98
Std. deviation 0.07 0.07 0.71 1.24 4.38 1.70 0.21 0.00 4.91

5개 유역권별로 18개 물리적 특성 항목의 평균에 차이가 있는지 여부를 파악하기 위해 분산분석(ANOVA)을 실시한 결과, 18개 항목 모두 유역권별로 평균에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석됐다(Table 14).

Table 14.

ANOVA of physical properties by area (land aggregate)

Sum of squares df Mean square F Sig.
10 mm Between groups (combined) 9,481.145 4 2,370.286 13.015 .000
Within groups 132,582.836 728 182.119
Total 142,063.980 732
5 mm Between groups (combined) 5,402.281 4 1,350.570 10.735 .000
Within groups 138,267.689 1,099 125.812
Total 143,669.970 1,103
2.5 mm Between groups (combined) 10,094.169 4 2,523.542 30.374 .000
Within groups 91,307.130 1,099 83.082
Total 101,401.298 1,103
1.2 mm Between groups (combined) 11,518.925 4 2,879.731 20.331 .000
Within groups 151,273.118 1,068 141.641
Total 162,792.043 1,072
0.6 mm Between groups (combined) 5,480.765 4 1,370.191 8.781 .000
Within groups 166,651.739 1,068 156.041
Total 172,132.504 1,072
0.3 mm Between groups (combined) 4,376.395 4 1,094.099 12.845 .000
Within groups 90,965.625 1,068 85.174
Total 95,342.020 1,072
0.15 mm Between groups (combined) 10,626.645 4 2,656.661 34.887 .000
Within groups 81,327.655 1,068 76.149
Total 91,954.300 1,072
0.08 sieve passing Between groups (combined) 12,368.049 4 3,092.012 10.595 .000
Within groups 394,575.402 1,352 291.846
Total 406,943.451 1,356
Surface dry density
(g/cm3)
Between groups (combined) 1.502 4 .375 63.531 .000
Within groups 7.453 1,261 .006
Total 8.955 1,265
Absolute dry density
(g/cm3)
Between groups (combined) 1.612 4 .403 34.869 .000
Within groups 14.920 1,291 .012
Total 16.532 1,295
True density
(g/cm3)
Between groups (combined) .953 4 .238 37.659 .000
Within groups 5.155 815 .006
Total 6.108 819
Water absorption rate Between groups (combined) 87.172 4 21.793 32.322 .000
Within groups 854.266 1,267 .674
Total 941.437 1,271
Assembly rate Between groups (combined) 87.902 4 21.976 22.196 .000
Within groups 1,245.517 1,258 .990
Total 1,333.419 1,262
Stability Between groups (combined) 382.022 4 95.506 9.561 .000
Within groups 9,978.830 999 9.989
Total 10,360.853 1,003
Lump of clay Between groups (combined) 23,110.672 4 5,777.668 19.507 .000
Within groups 134,467.703 454 296.184
Total 157,578.374 458
Unit volume mass
(kg/l)
Between groups (combined) 6.421 4 1.605 26.859 .000
Within groups 22.773 381 .060
Total 29.194 385
Chloride Between groups (combined) .181 4 .045 29.750 .000
Within groups .812 534 .002
Total .993 538
Performance rate Between groups (combined) 657.646 3 219.215 15.470 .000
Within groups 2,352.334 166 14.171
Total 3,009.979 169

지질별 산림골재의 물리적 특성

산림골재의 물리적 특성 관련 12개 항목의 분포를 분석한 결과, 변성암은 공극률, 퇴적암은 마모율과 공극률이 다른 물리적 특성과는 다른 분포의 양상을 보이는 것으로 분석됐다(Tables 15, 16, 17).

Table 15.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (forest aggregate, metamorphic rock)

Category 0.08 sieve
passing
Surface dry
density
(g/cm3)
Absolute dry
density
(g/cm3)
True density
(g/cm3)
Unit volume
mass
(kg/l)
Absorption
rate
Case (N) 152 224 231 142 153 231
Mean 0.65 2.67 2.65 2.73 1.52 1.10
Std. error of the means 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05
Std. deviation 1.05 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.72
Category Wear rate Assembly
rate
Performance
rate
Porosity Stability Sc/Rc
Case (N) 202 117 154 167 208 131
Mean 22.11 7.48 57.34 37.00 3.64 1.19
Std. error of the means 0.60 0.09 0.24 1.11 0.23 0.13
Std. deviation 8.48 1.02 3.01 14.39 3.39 1.51
Table 16.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (forest aggregate, sedimentary rock)

Category 0.08 sieve
passing
Surface dry
density
(g/cm3)
Absolute dry
density
(g/cm3)
True density
(g/cm3)
Unit volume
mass
(kg/l)
Absorption
rate
Case (N) 61 87 87 62 62 87
Mean 0.80 2.65 2.62 2.71 1.49 1.32
Std. error of the means 0.23 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10
Std. deviation 1.78 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.90
Category Wear rate Assembly
rate
Performance
rate
Porosity Stability Sc/Rc
Case (N) 79 55 61 68 79 55
Mean 20.80 7.52 56.80 38.63 4.91 0.38
Std. error of the means 1.34 0.09 0.50 1.64 0.67 0.04
Std. deviation 11.90 0.69 3.88 13.52 5.99 0.33
Table 17.

Descriptive statistics of physical properties (forest aggregate, igneous rock)

Category 0.08 sieve
passing
Surface dry
density
(g/cm3)
Absolute dry
density
(g/cm3)
True density
(g/cm3)
Unit volume
mass
(kg/l)
Absorption
rate
Case (N) 180 283 277 192 186 297
Mean 0.83 2.62 2.60 2.67 1.47 1.24
Std. error of the means 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.05
Std. deviation 1.02 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.84
Case (N) 284 119 196 199 281 140
Mean 24.40 7.55 56.94 39.15 4.33 1.04
Std. error of the means 0.64 0.05 0.24 0.90 0.30 0.11
Std. deviation 10.84 0.55 3.36 12.72 5.09 1.28

3개 지질별로 12개 물리적 특성 항목의 평균에 차이가 있는지 여부를 파악하기 위해 분산분석(ANOVA)을 실시한 결과 표면건조밀도와 절대건조밀도, 진밀도, 단위용적질량, 흡수율, 마모율, Sc/Rc 항목은 지질별로 평균에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석됐다(Table 18).

Table 18.

ANOVA of physical properties by geological features (forest aggregate)

Sum of squares df Mean square F Sig.
0.08 sieve passing Between groups (combined) 2.853 2 1.426 1.025 .360
Within groups 542.482 390 1.391
Total 545.335 392
Surface dry density
(g/cm3)
Between groups (combined) .288 2 .144 21.739 .000
Within groups 3.920 591 .007
Total 4.208 593
Absolute dry density
(g/cm3)
Between groups (combined) .326 2 .163 19.655 .000
Within groups 4.906 592 .008
Total 5.231 594
True density
(g/cm3)
Between groups (combined) .333 2 .166 25.299 .000
Within groups 2.584 393 .007
Total 2.917 395
Unit volume mass
(kg/l)
Between groups (combined) .270 2 .135 12.134 .000
Within groups 4.435 398 .011
Total 4.705 400
Water absorption rate Between groups (combined) 4.053 2 2.026 3.104 .046
Within groups 399.531 612 .653
Total 403.584 614
Wear rate Between groups (combined) 1,097.048 2 548.524 5.246 .006
Within groups 58,761.171 562 104.557
Total 59,858.219 564
Assembly rate Between groups (combined) .333 2 .166 .265 .768
Within groups 181.148 288 .629
Total 181.481 290
Performance rate Between groups (combined) 18.728 2 9.364 .851 .428
Within groups 4,491.841 408 11.009
Total 4,510.569 410
Porosity Between groups (combined) 434.342 2 217.171 1.190 .305
Within groups 78,646.521 431 182.475
Total 79,080.863 433
Stability Between groups (combined) 109.547 2 54.773 2.491 .084
Within groups 12,421.719 565 21.985
Total 12,531.266 567
Sc/Rc Between groups (combined) 25.837 2 12.919 7.865 .000
Within groups 530.563 323 1.643
Total 556.400 325

결 론

2007~2021년까지 수행된 84개 시 ‧ 군의 골재자원조사(한국수자원공사, 한국지질자원연구원)를 통해 수집된 품질시험 결과를 바탕으로 하천/육상/산림 골재의 물리적 특성값을 정리 분석하였다.

조사 결과 중 시추조사, 시험굴조사, 물리탐사, 품질시험 등에서 하천골재 1,118개, 육상골재 1,828개 자료를 수집하고, 산림골재는 시추조사를 통해 654개 자료를 수집하였다.

하천/육상골재는 18개 시험 항목에 대해 유역에 따라 구분하였고, 산림골재는 12개 시험항목에 대해서는 지질로 분류하여 분석하였다.

하천골재의 물리적 특성 관련 18개 항목의 분포를 분석한 결과, 금강유역에서는 2.5 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.08체 통과량과 낙동강유역에서는 점토덩어리와 섬진강유역에서는 10 mm, 5 mm, 2.5 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.08체 통과량, 안정성과, 영산강유역에서는 10 mm, 5 mm, 2.5 mm, 1.2 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.08체 통과량과 한강유역에서는 10 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.08체 통과량, 실적율이 평균의 표준오차가 다른 물리적 특성과는 다른 분포의 양상을 보이는 것으로 분석됐다. 분산분석 결과, 18개 항목 중 흡수율과 실적율을 제외한 16개 항목이 권역별로 평균에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석됐다.

또한, 유역별 육상골재에 대한 물리적 특성은 금강유역을 제외한 낙동강유역에서는 점토덩어리와 섬진강유역에서는 10 mm, 5 mm과, 영산강유역에서는 0.08체 통과량과 한강유역에서는 10 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.08체 통과량이 평균의 표준오차가 다른 물리적 특성과는 다른 분포의 양상을 보이는 것으로 분석됐다. 분산분석 결과, 18개 항목 모두 권역별로 평균에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석됐다.

지질별 산림골재의 물리적 특성 관련 12개 항목의 분포를 분석 결과, 화성암을 제외한 변성암은 공극률과 퇴적암은 마모율과 공극률이 다른 물리적 특성과는 다른 분포의 양상을 보이는 것으로 분석됐다. 분산분석 결과, 표면건조밀도와 절대건조밀도, 진밀도, 단위용적질량, 흡수율, 마모율, Sc/Rc(알카리골재반응) 항목은 지질별로 평균에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 분석됐다.

Acknowledgements

본 연구는 환경부의 재원으로 한국환경산업기술원의 표토환경보전관리기술개발사업의 지원을 받아 연구되었습니다(2020002840003).

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2
Jin, H.I., Min, K.W., Yeon, G.S., 1998, Mineralogical and mechanical properties of some rocks as aggregates and their suitability for concrete, Journal of the Korean Concrete Institute, 10(4), 183-193.
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MCT (Ministry of Construction and Transportation) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2008, Report on aggregate resources survey in Muan, Jeollanam-do.
6
MCT (Ministry of Construction and Transportation) and KORES (Korea Mining Promotion Corporation), 2007, Aggregate resource survey report in Wonju, Gangwon-do.
7
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2014, 2014 aggregate resource survey report heongwon-gun, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do).
8
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2015, 2015 aggregate resource survey report (Geochang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do).
9
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2016, 2016 aggregate resource survey report (Suncheon-si, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do).
10
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2018a, 2018 aggregate resource survey report (Sangju city, Gyeongsangbuk-do).
11
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2018b, 2018 aggregate resource survey report (Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do).
12
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2019a, 2019 aggregate resource survey report (Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do).
13
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2019b, 2019 aggregate resource survey report (Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do).
14
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2019c, 2019 aggregate resource survey report (Goryeong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do).
15
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2019d, 2019 aggregate resource survey report (Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do).
16
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2019e, 2019 aggregate resource survey report (Gimje-si, Jeollabuk-do).
17
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2020a, 2020 aggregate resource survey report (Sokcho-si, Gangwon-do).
18
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2020b, 2020 aggregate resource survey report (Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do).
19
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2020c, 2020 aggregate resource survey report (Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do).
20
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2020d, 2020 aggregate resource survey report (Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do).
21
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2020e, 2020 aggregate resource survey report (Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do).
22
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2020f, 2020 aggregate resource survey report (Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do).
23
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2021a, 2021 aggregate resource survey report (Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do).
24
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2021b, 2021 aggregate resource survey report (Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do).
25
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2021c, 2021 aggregate resource survey report (Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do).
26
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2021d, 2021 aggregate resource survey report (Incheon Metropolitan city).
27
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2021e, 2021 aggregate resource survey report (Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do).
28
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2021f, 2021 aggregate resource survey report (Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do).
29
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2021g, 2021 aggregate resource survey report (Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do).
30
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2017, 2017 aggregate resource survey report (Gyeongsan-si, Yeongcheon-si, Cheongdo-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do).
31
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2014a, Gangwon-do 2014 aggregate resource survey report (Chuncheon-si, Hongcheon-gun, Hoengseong-gun).
32
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2014b, Gyeongsangbuk-do 2014 aggregate resource survey report (Andong-si, Uiseong-gun).
33
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2015a, Pohang Gyeongju area aggregate resource survey report.
34
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2015b, Hongseong Yesan area aggregate resource survey report.
35
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2016a, Jeju regional aggregate resource survey report.
36
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2016b, Changnyeong region aggregate resource survey report.
37
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2017a, Uiryeong area aggregate resource survey report.
38
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2017b, Ulsan region aggregate resource survey report.
39
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2017c, Busan regional aggregate resource survey report.
40
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2017d, Changwon region aggregate resource survey report.
41
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2018a, Gangneung region aggregate resource survey report.
42
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2018b, Goseong area aggregate resource survey report.
43
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2018c, Yangyang region aggregate resource survey report.
44
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2008, Aggregate resource survey report in Yeongi, Chungcheongnam-do.
45
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2009, Report on aggregate resources survey in Naju, Jeollanam-do.
46
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2010a, Aggregate resource survey report in Sacheon, Gyeongnam.
47
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2010b, Yangju area aggregate resources survey report.
48
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2010c, Aggregate resource survey report in Yeongam, Jeonnam.
49
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2011, Report on aggregate resources survey in Boseong, South Jeolla Province.
50
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2012a, Report on aggregate resources survey in Damyang, Jeollanam-do.
51
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2012b, Report on aggregate resources survey in Jangseong, Jeollanam-do.
52
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2013a, Gyeongsangnam-do 2013 aggregate resource survey report (Gimhae city, Yangsan city, Haman County, Hapcheon County).
53
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2013b, Gyeongsangbuk-do 2013 aggregate resource survey report (Goryeong-gun, Gumi-si, Gimcheon-si, Seongju-gun, Chilgok-gun, Dalseong-gun).
54
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2013c, 2013 aggregate resource survey report (Gunsan-si, Iksan-si, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do).
55
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and KORES (Korea Mining Promotion Corporation), 2009, Report on aggregate resources survey in Buyeo, Chungcheongnam-do.
56
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation) and KORES (Korea Mining Promotion Corporation), 2008, Jincheon region aggregate resource survey report.
57
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2008, Jinju region aggregate resource survey report.
58
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2009a, Aggregate resource survey report in Daegu.
59
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2009b, Aggregate resource survey report in Miryang.
60
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2010a, Hwaseong region aggregate resource survey report.
61
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2010b, Uljin region aggregate resource survey report.
62
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2010c, Asan region aggregate resource survey report.
63
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2010d, Yangju region aggregate resource survey report.
64
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2011a, Aggregate resource survey report in Yecheon.
65
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2011b, Jangheung region aggregate resource survey report.
66
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2011c, Han River River System (Gimpo city) aggregate resource survey report.
67
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2011d, Han River River System (Namyangju) aggregate resource survey report.
68
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2011e, Hampyeong region aggregate resource survey report.
69
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2012a, Seocheon region aggregate resource survey report.
70
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2012b, Paju area aggregate resource survey report.
71
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2012c, Han River River System (Yeoju-gun) aggregate resource survey report.
72
MLTMA (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and K-water (Korea Water Resources Corporation), 2012d, Han River River System (Yongin city) aggregate resource survey report.
73
MOE (Ministry of Environment), 2021, Korea river list (as of December 31, 2020).
74
Park, J.S., Yoon, Y.S., 1997, Modern statistics, Dasansa, 38-60.
75
Yun, Y.S., 2000, Correlation analysis, History of Education Science, 27-32, 300-325.
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